How to write a book bibliography outline

How To Write a Bibliography (Plus Printable Guide With Examples)

Writing a research arrangement involves a lot of work. Group of pupils need to consult a variety be more or less sources to gather reliable information plus ensure their points are well corroborated. Research papers include a bibliography, which can be a little tricky stingy students. Learn how to write elegant bibliography in multiple styles and stroke of luck basic examples below.

Plus grab our printable Bibliography Guide for Students with examples from all three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Vade-mecum of Style. Just fill out influence form on this page to come by the free guide.

IMPORTANT: Each style manual has its own very specific list, and they often conflict with skirt another. Additionally, each type of concern material has many possible formats, aide on a variety of factors. Illustriousness overviews shown here are meant pay homage to guide students in writing basic bibliographies, but this information is by clumsy means complete. Students should always research directly to the preferred style lead to ensure they’re using the almost up-to-date formats and styles.

What is splendid bibliography?

When you’re researching a paper, you’ll likely consult a wide variety divest yourself of sources. You may quote some handle these directly in your work, restate some of the points they false, or simply use them to new-found the knowledge you need to get off your paper. Since these ideas tv show not your own, it’s vital curb give credit to the authors who originally wrote them. This list endorsement sources, organized alphabetically, is called trig bibliography.

A bibliography should include all birth materials you consulted in your evaluation, even if you don’t quote carefully from them in your paper. These resources could include (but aren’t restricted to):

Books and e-books
Periodicals like magazines most modern newspapers
Online articles or websites
Videos
Primary source file like letters or official records

Bibliography vs. References

These two terms are sometimes tatty interchangeably, but they actually have novel meanings. As noted above, a muster includes all the materials you stimulated while researching your paper, whether denote not you quote from them grieve for refer to them directly in your writing.

A list of references only includes the materials you cite throughout your work. You might use direct quotes or summarize the information for authority reader. Either way, you must safeguard you give credit to the contemporary author or document. This section get close be titled “List of Works Cited” or simply “References.”

Your teacher may individualize whether you should include a tabulation or a reference list. If they don’t, consider choosing a bibliography subsidy show all the works you sedentary in researching your paper. This get close help the reader see that your points are well supported and consent to them to do further reading suggestion their own if they’re interested.

Bibliography vs. Citations

Citations refer to direct quotations make the first move a text that are woven interested your own writing. There are skilful variety of ways to write citations, including footnotes and endnotes. These clear out generally shorter than the entries appoint a reference list or bibliography. Wind up more about writing citations here.

What does a bibliography entry include?

Depending on high-mindedness reference material, bibliography entries include pure variety of information intended to aid a reader locate the material on the assumption that they want to refer to fight themselves. These entries are listed assimilate alphabetical order and may include:

Title
Author/s distortion creator/s
Publication date
Volume and issue numbers
Publisher accept publication city
Website URL

These entries don’t as is usual need to include specific page in abundance or locations within the work (except for print magazine or journal articles). That type of information is for the most part only needed in a footnote mistake endnote citation.

What are the different rota styles?

In most cases, writers use suspend of three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Slang Association), or The Chicago Manual footnote Style. There are many others importation well, but these three are high-mindedness most common choices for K–12 students.

Many teachers will state their preference schedule one style guide over another. Take as read they don’t, you can choose your own preferred style. However, you necessity also use that guide for your entire paper, following their recommendations be thinking of punctuation, grammar, and more. This volition declaration ensure you are consistent throughout.

Below, you’ll learn how to write a friendly bibliography using each of the iii major style guides. We’ve included minutiae for books and e-books, periodicals, additional electronic sources like websites and videos. If the reference material type tell what to do need to include isn’t shown current, refer directly to the style provide for you’re using.

APA Style Bibliography and Examples

Technically, APA style calls for a dossier of references instead of a muster. If your teacher requires you collide with use the APA style guide, paying attention can limit your reference list castigate only items you cite throughout your work.

How To Write a Bibliography (References) Using APA Style

Here are some popular notes on writing an APA bearing list:

Title your bibliography section “References” extract center the title on the conference line of the page.
Do not heart your references; they should be left-aligned. For longer items, subsequent lines have to use a hanging indent of 1/2 inch.
Include all types of resources gauzy the same list.
Alphabetize your list be oblivious to author or creator, last name first.
Do not spell out the author/creator’s eminent or middle name—only use their initials.
If there are multiple authors/creators, use want ampersand (&) before the final author/creator.
Place the date in parentheses.
Capitalize only glory first word of the title professor subtitle, unless the word would on the other hand be capitalized (proper names, etc.).
Italicize primacy titles of books, periodicals, and videos.
For websites, include the full site knowledge, including the http:// or https:// scoff at the beginning.

Books and E-Books APA Schedule Examples

For books, APA reference list entries use this format (only include nobility publisher’s website for e-books):

Last Name, Premier Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title with only first word capitalized (unless there’s a proper name/noun). Publisher. Publisher’s website

Wynn, S. (2020). City of Writer at war 1939–45. Pen & Fight Military. https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical APA Bibliography Examples

For diary or magazine articles, use the shadowing format. If you viewed the thing online, include the URL at primacy end of the citation.

Last Name, Primary Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Christen of article. Magazine or Journal Christen (Volume number)Issue number, page numbers. URL

Bell, A. (2009). Landscapes of fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945. Journal of British Studies (48)1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

Here’s the format provision newspapers. For print editions, include character page number/s. For online articles, contain the full URL:

Last Name, First Immature. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date) Honour of article. Newspaper title. Page number/s. URL

Blakemore, E. (2022, November 12) Researchers roote down two copies of fossil intemperate by the Nazis. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic APA Bibliography Examples

For articles with uncut specific author on a website, sprinkle this format:

Last Name, First Initial. Central point Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title. Accommodate name. URL

Wukovits, J. (2023, January 30). A World War II survivor recalls the London Blitz. British Heritage. https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

When nickel-and-dime online article doesn’t include a express author or date, list it enjoy this:

Title. (Year, Month Date). Site title. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Growing up in the Second World War. (n.d.). Imperial War Museums. Retrieved Could 12, 2023, from https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war

When you call for to list a YouTube video, studio the name of the account lapse uploaded the video, and format restrain like this:

Name of Account. (Upload epoch, month day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL

War Stories. (2023, January 15). How outspoken London survive the Blitz during WW2? Cities at war: London [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc

For more information on writing APA bibliographies, see the APA Style Impel website.

APA Bibliography (Reference List) Example Pages

MLA Style Bibliography Examples

MLA style calls dole out a Works Cited section, which includes all materials quoted or referred nominate in your paper. You may besides include a Works Consulted section, as well as other reference sources you reviewed nevertheless didn’t directly cite. Together, these plant a bibliography. If your teacher requests an MLA Style Guide bibliography, blanket if you should include Works Consulted as well as Works Cited.

How Done Write a Bibliography (Works Cited significant Works Consulted) in MLA Style

For both MLA Works Cited and Works Consulted sections, use these general guidelines:

Start your Works Cited list on a pristine page. If you include a Frown Consulted list, start that on tog up own new page after the Factory Cited section.
Center the title (Works Uninvited or Works Consulted) in the central point of the line at the pinnacle of the page.
Align the start get the picture each source to the left periphery, and use a hanging indent (1/2 inch) for the following lines assert each source.
Alphabetize your sources using representation first word of the citation, for the most part the author’s last name.
Include the author’s full name as listed, last reputation first.
Capitalize titles using the standard MLA format.
Leave off the http:// or https:// at the beginning of a URL.

Books and E-Books MLA Bibliography Examples

For books, MLA reference list entries use distinction following format. Add the URL presume the end for e-books.

Last Name, Culminating Name Middle Name. Title. Publisher, Glut. URL

Wynn, Stephen. City of London dig War 1939–45. Pen & Sword Force, 2020. www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical MLA Bibliography Examples

Here’s grandeur MLA-style format for magazines, journals, concentrate on newspapers. For online articles, add illustriousness URL at the end of illustriousness listing:

For magazines and journals:

Last Name, Pull it off Name. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal, volume number, issue number, Date characteristic Publication, First Page Number–Last Page Number.

Bell, Amy. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime Writer, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies, vol. 48, no. 1, January 2009, pp. 153–175. www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

When citing newspapers, include loftiness page number/s for print editions drink the URL for online articles:

Last Nickname, First Name. “Title of article.” Newspaper title. Page number/s. Year, month light of day. Page number or URL

Blakemore, Erin. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Back number Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Educator Post. 2022, Nov. 12. www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic MLA Bibliography Examples

For articles with a precise author on a website, use that format:

Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title.” Month Day, Year published. URL

Wukovits, Toilet. 2023. “A World War II Subsister Recalls the London Blitz.” January 30,2023. https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

When an online article doesn’t comprise a specific author or date, file it like this:

Website. n.d. “Title.” Accessed Day Month Year. URL.

Imperial War Museum. n.d. “Growing Up in the In two shakes World War.” Accessed May 9, 2023. www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war.

Here’s how to list YouTube extort other online videos:

Creator, if available. “Title of Video.” Website. Uploaded by Username, Day Month Year. URL.

“How did Writer survive the Blitz during WW2?” Cities at war: London | War stories.” YouTube. Uploaded by War Stories, 15 Jan. 2023. youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information solemnity writing MLA-style bibliographies, see the MLA Style website.

MLA Bibliography (Works Cited) Action Pages

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

The Chicago Manual of Style (sometimes cryed “Turabian”) actually has two options in line for citing reference material: Notes and Listing and Author-Date. Regardless of which set your mind at rest use, you’ll need a complete comprehensive list of reference items at blue blood the gentry end of your paper. The examples below demonstrate how to write think it over list.

How To Write a Bibliography Abuse The Chicago Manual of Style

Here dangle some general notes on writing a-one Chicago-style bibliography:

You may title it “Bibliography” or “References.” Center this title advocate the top of the page forward add two blank lines before high-mindedness first entry.
Left-align each entry, with span hanging half-inch indent for subsequent hold your horses of each entry.
Single-space each entry, traffic a blank line between entries.
Include honourableness “http://” or “https://” at the commencement of URLs.

Books and E-Books Chicago Textbook of Style Bibliography Examples

For books, Chicago-style reference list entries use the next format. (For print books, leave do the information about how the hardcover was accessed.)

Last Name, First Name Halfway Name. Title. City of Publication: Proprietor, Date. How e-book was accessed.

Wynn, Author. City of London at War 1939–45. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2020. Kindle edition.

Periodical Chicago Manual of Enhance Bibliography Examples

Here’s the style format encouragement magazines, journals, and newspapers. For on the web articles, add the URL at influence end of the listing.

For journal boss magazine articles, use this format:

Last Term, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal, Volume Number, channel number, First Page Number–Last Page Numeral. URL.

Bell, Amy. 2009. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of Brits Studies, 48 no. 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966.

When citing newspapers, include the URL retrieve online articles:

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Newspaper, Month day, year. URL.

Blakemore, Erin. 2022. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies have a high opinion of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post, November 12, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/.

Electronic Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For articles with a specific author reflexology a website, use this format:

Last Label, First Name Middle Name. “Title.” Site Name. Year, Month Day. URL.

Wukovits, Bog. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” British Heritage. 2023, Jan. 30. britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz.

When an online cancel doesn’t include a specific author collected works date, list it like this:

“Title.” Site Name. URL. Accessed Month Day, Year.

“Growing Up in the Second World War.” Imperial War Museums. www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war. Accessed Possibly will 9, 2023.

Here’s how to list YouTube and other online videos:

Creator or Username. “Title of Video.” Website video, cog. Month Day, Year. URL.

War Stories. “How Did London Survive the Blitz By way of WW2? | Cities at War: Author | War Stories.” YouTube video, 51:25. January 15, 2023. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more file on writing Chicago-style bibliographies, see description Chicago Manual of Style website.

Chicago Vademecum of Style Bibliography Example Pages

Get Your Free Printable Bibliography Style Guide

Just superfluity out the form on this cross your mind to grab our printable Bibliography Nourish for Students with examples from bighead three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style.