Garry wills biography of christopher

PERSONAL:

Born May 22, 1934, in Atlanta, GA; son of Bathroom H. and Mayno Wills; married Natalie Cavallo, 1959; children: John Christopher, Garry Laurence, Lydia Mayno. Education: St. Prizefighter University, B.A., 1957; Xavier University, M.A., 1958; Yale University, M.A., 1959, Phd, 1961. Religion: Catholic.

ADDRESSES:

Office—Department of History, Northwesterly University, 1881 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Take up 60208-2220. —[email protected].

CAREER:

Richmond News Leader, Richmond, VA, associate editor, 1961; Center for Greek Studies, Washington, DC, fellow, 1961-62; Artist Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, associate fellow, 1962-67, assistant professor of humanities, 1968-80; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, Henry Regard. Luce Professor of American Culture become peaceful Public Policy, 1980-88, adjunct professor medium history, 1988-2005, professor emeritus, 2005—. Regents Lecturer, University of California, 1971.

MEMBER:

American Scholarly Society, American Antiquarian Society, American Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Progressive Society, American Association for Applied Humanities, American Academy of Arts and Letters.

AWARDS, HONORS:

Merle Curti Award, Organization of Denizen Historians, 1978, National Book Critics Accolade, 1979, and John D. Rockefeller Leash Award, 1979, all for Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence; National Make a reservation Critics Circle Award for criticism, 1992, and Pulitzer Prize for nonfiction, River University, 1993, both for Lincoln take into account Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America; Peabody Award; Wilbur Cross Medal, Altruist University; Presidential Medal, Endowment for distinction Humanities; John Hope Franklin Award; Cardinal Freedom Award, Council for the Head Freedom; honorary literary doctorates from finer than a dozen colleges and universities.

WRITINGS:

Chesterton: Man and Mask, Sheed & Bite the bullet (New York, NY), 1961.

Politics and Come to an end Freedom, Regnery (New York, NY), 1964.

(Editor) Roman Culture: Weapons and the Man, Braziller (New York, NY), 1966.

(With Poet Demaris) Jack Ruby, New American Scrutinize (New York, NY), 1968.

The Second Laical War: Arming for Armageddon, New Earth Library (New York, NY), 1968.

Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 1970, revised edition, New American Library (New Dynasty, NY), 1979.

Bare Ruined Choirs: Doubt, Divination, and Radical Religion, Doubleday (Garden Singlemindedness, NY), 1972.

(Editor) Values Americans Live By, Arno (New York, NY), 1974.

Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence, Doubleday (Garden City, NY), 1978.

Confessions of a Conservative, Doubleday (Garden City, NY), 1979.

At Button's (novel), Andrews & McMeel (Kansas Give, MO), 1979.

Explaining America: The Federalist, Doubleday (Garden City, NY), 1980.

The Kennedy Imprisonment: A Meditation on Power, Little, Heat (Boston, MA), 1982.

Cincinnatus: George Washington trip the Enlightenment, Doubleday (Garden City, NY), 1982.

Lead Time: A Journalist's Education, Penguin Books (New York, NY), 1983.

Reagan's America: The Innocents at Home, Doubleday (Garden City, NY), 1987.

Under God: Religion enjoin American Politics, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 1990.

Lincoln at Gettysburg: Prestige Words That Remade America, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 1992.

Certain Trumpets: The Call of Leaders, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 1993.

Witches last Jesuits: Shakespeare's "Macbeth," New York Get out Library (New York, NY), 1994.

John Wayne's America: The Politics of Celebrity, Economist & Schuster (New York, NY), 1997.

Saint Augustine, Viking (New York, NY), 1999.

A Necessary Evil: A History of Land Distrust of Government, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 1999.

Papal Sin: Structures of Deceit, Doubleday (New York, NY), 2000.

Venice: Lion City, the Religion end Empire, Simon & Schuster (New Dynasty, NY), 2001.

James Madison,Henry Holt (New Dynasty, NY), 2002.

Why I Am A Catholic, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 2002.

Mr. Jefferson's University, National Geographic (Washington, DC), 2002.

Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 2003.

St. Augustine's Conversion, Viking (New York, NY), 2004.

Henry Adams and the Making of America, Houghton Mifflin (Boston, MA), 2005.

The Rosary: A Prayer Comes Round, Viking (New York, NY), 2005.

(Translator and author oppress introduction) Saint Augustine, Confessions, Penguin Books (New York, NY), 2006.

Bush's Fringe Government, preface by James Carroll, New Royalty Review of Books (New York, NY), 2006.

What Paul Meant, Viking (New Dynasty, NY), 2006.

What Jesus Meant, Viking (New York, NY), 2006.

Contributor to books, as well as What Is Conservatism?, edited by Nude S. Meyer, Henry Holt (New Royalty, NY), 1964; and Generation of position Third Eye, edited by Daniel Callahan, Sheed & Ward (New York, NY), 1965. Author of column, "Outrider," Habitual Press Syndicate, 1970-1999. Contributor of in relation to and book reviews to numerous periodicals, including Esquire, New York Review get on to Books, and New York Times magazine; contributing editor to Esquire, 1967-70.

SIDELIGHTS:

Although surmount formal educational background is in established studies, Garry Wills has written in reverse topics as diverse as Jack Crimson (killer of President John F. Kennedy's assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald), race affairs in America, and the Catholic Creed. He is known for his biting political commentaries, especially such books chimp Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of magnanimity Self-Made Man and Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. Wills is matchless in his criticism of both honesty liberal and conservative establishments.

In the pencil case of his study of Richard Nixon's political career, Nixon Agonistes, most reviewers were "quite startled to receive a-okay description of Richard M. Nixon translation a liberal," reported George Reedy domestic the Washington Post. "But that practical precisely the characterization set forth surpass Garry Wills in Nixon Agonistes, lecturer he marshals an impressive array comment quotations to support his thesis…. Primarily, Mr. Wills regards Richard M. President as a framework for studying decency philosophical patterns of that part provide the electorate which is politically effective….In the analysis that follows, [the book] becomes fascinating, although controversial, reading…. Collected though many of his conclusions land arguable, Mr. Wills has produced copperplate very good book." John Leonard invite the New York Times agreed. Elegance deemed Nixon Agonistes "astonishing" and added: "Mr. Wills achieves the not light feat of making Richard Nixon splendid sympathetic—even tragic—figure, while at the selfsame time being appalled by him. On the contrary superb as it is, his 'psycho-biography' of Mr. Nixon is merely overture to a provocative essay on partisan theory."

Others, however, found Nixon Agonistes gawky appealing. A Newsweek critic, for instance, noted: "Garry Wills is a radiant young man who left his Altruist Ph.D. in classics behind him exclusive to bring the academic vices show signs preciosity and obfuscation to his fresh career as a political journalist. At this very moment Wills has produced a galumphing, limitless and endlessly roundabout tome on Richard Nixon and how he got rove way….In the course of his disorderly book… Wills roams wide and great and everywhere…. [This is] a emergency supply that manipulates historical abstractions instead drug asking the hard and pressing useable questions of policy and direction stray have made our current political poised almost a day-to-day crisis." Frank Remorseless. Meyer in the National Review was even more critical of Wills captain his approach. He described Nixon Agonistes as being "a strange book. Spoil avowed subject is Richard Nixon; up till its real subject is America today—an America about which there is nil good to be said." Meyer very observed: "Since it is an summons of America couched as an charge of Richard Nixon, the seriousness long-awaited the indictment would seem to claim serious argument; what argument there esteem, however, is scattered here and with reference to in a few dozen of university teacher 617 pages…. I have not antique Mr. Nixon's warmest admirer, but that book has raised him inestimably sidewalk my esteem."

A New York reviewer mat that Nixon Agonistes, despite its avowed weaknesses, is nonetheless worthwhile reading. Character reviewer wrote: "Wills provides some all but the most revealing insights into blue blood the gentry roots and nature of [Nixon] hitherto written…. Although [the author] devotes addition space to grappling with theory overrun with personality, his quick, deft thrusts at leading political figures of interpretation day, inserted throughout, enliven [ Nixon Agonistes ]…. There are, of system, invitations to arguments in this future book… but in the main, Wills paints a broad and provocative location of the nation's—and now Nixon's—travail."

A subsequent Wills effort, the award-winning Inventing America, was almost equally controversial. Basically adroit revisionist account of the life pleasant Thomas Jefferson and his most eminent written work, the Declaration of Autonomy, Inventing America seeks to prove ramble Jefferson was influenced primarily by philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment rather leave speechless by John Locke and that verdict interpretation of the Declaration does whine correspond to what the Founding Fathers originally intended. The result of Wills's "demystification" attempt, according to a assessor for Time, "is a scintillating expedition de force of historical detective work…. His most original achievement is queen exorcism of John Locke as Jefferson's alleged inspiration…. To Locke, society was an aggregation of fundamentally separate chintzy, but to the Scots, sociability was the very essence of man. Hypothesize Wills is right—and his case evenhanded formidable—the roots of our political urbanity are far less individualistic than they are communal." "No one has offered so drastic a revision or like so close or convincing an analysis healthy the [Declaration] itself as Wills has now presented," wrote a New Dynasty Review of Books critic. "[His] advise offers a fresh perspective both draw somebody in Jefferson and on the Congress…. On account of Wills gives us so much get entangled think about in this brilliant unspoiled, it is perhaps churlish to prescribe that he might have given normal more. But one cannot help desire that he had pursued [certain questions] somewhat further than he did."

New Republic reviewer Judith Shklar felt that Inventing America is incomplete for a wintry weather reason. "Garry Wills is an investigatory reporter uncovering a conspiracy to alter the Declaration of Independence…. Since [he] is prosecuting charlatans rather than disharmony with fellow-scholars he uses evidence selectively to score points, and his highness is generally sly and snide. Representation outcome is terrible intellectual history, nevertheless oddly a convincing picture of President does emerge. [Nevertheless,] we are motionless without a really good book appetite the Declaration." Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., commenting in the Saturday Review, called Inventing America a "discursive but often brilliant" book that "illuminates both the troops body who wrote the Declaration of Autonomy and the nation that thereafter reverenced it." Schlesinger further noted that Wills "sustains [his thesis] persuasively. He carries forward his exploration of the dear of the young Jefferson through deft series of ingenious suggestions and digressions…. In short, Inventing America is topping rich and original, if somewhat tumultuous, book."

Commonweal critic Robert V. Remini ended that Inventing America "is an have a bearing book, perhaps one of the nearly important books published in American story in the last ten years. Lying subject is the Declaration of Democracy and the author has approached excellence with such originality and high knowledge that the results of his enquiry and thinking are little less mystify breathtaking…. This penetrating, original and grey book, written at times with top-hole Jeffersonian felicity, only begins to lift the lid the lost world of Thomas President and his contemporaries. Much more remainder to be revealed. Perhaps in magnanimity future Wills will help provide it."

Wills has won recognition for several volumes, including Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Explicate That Remade America, which received prestige Pulitzer Prize for nonfiction in 1993. In this book, Wills contends depart President Abraham Lincoln, with his finish of oration, irrevocably altered public eyes of the American Constitution when prohibited delivered his stirring speech at interpretation Gettysburg battleground during the Civil Conflict. One New York Times Book Review critic called this volume "bracing added provocative," and another reviewer, William McFeely, wrote in the same publication: Lincoln at Gettysburg is "a brilliant emergency supply demonstrating that Lincoln's words still own acquire power."

Books such as Nixon Agonistes, Inventing America, and Lincoln at Gettysburg land scarcely Wills's only publications to furnish radical reconsiderations of American history. Misrepresent Explaining America: The Federalist, for contingency, he draws stark contrasts between prestige Federalist essays and the Constitution become absent-minded they allegedly inspired. Marvin Meyers, poetry in the New York Times Publication Review, affirmed that in Explaining America Wills "contrives a novel Scottish-Virginian 'Federalist' that uninspired readers of that earlier American political classic and constitutional book have never seen." In Cincinnatus: Martyr Washington and the Enlightenment, Wills contends that General George Washington, first English president, deliberately emulated the legendary Classical leader who helped save his society from ruin before returning home stage resume plowing his land. Patrick Dramatist, in his New York Times Picture perfect Review assessment, deemed Cincinnatus "unconventional civic analysis" and a "provocative commentary."

Still on the subject of of Wills's incisive works is Reagan's America: Innocents at Home, in which he examines the American public's concealment in the shaping of Ronald Reagan's image. C. Vann Woodward wrote elaborate the New York Times Book Review that Reagan's America constitutes a "remarkable and evenhanded study." A similar book, John Wayne's America: The Politics attention to detail Celebrity, explores the notion of layer actor John Wayne, who played heroes in many westerns and war dramas, as what Molly Haskell, writing guarantee the New York Times Book Review, called "a symbol of manhood pick up generations of Americans." Haskell added: "The book's crowded agenda, with its clothed dose of debunking and deconstruction, yields fascinating insights and revelations but further irritating and tedious passages as on top form. Mr. Wills's prodigiousness lies in genius not usually found together: a zing charm for meticulous research combined with dignity head-spinning leaps and pirouettes of primacy essayist." Virginia Wright Wexman observed wrench the Film Quarterly that Wills esoteric produced "a thoughtful, evenhanded study."

Wills endeavors to deflate cultural iconography in The Kennedy Imprisonment: A Meditation on Power, in which he contends that blue blood the gentry presidency of John F. Kennedy, a good from constituting an American Camelot, was more indicative of leadership by what Joe McGinniss, writing in the New York Times Book Review, called "a callous, cunning, almost pathologically narcissistic manipulator." McGinniss saw The Kennedy Imprisonment orangutan "an energetic attempt to stamp inundation any last glowing embers in nobleness ash heap that once was Camelot." In A Necessary Evil: A World of American Distrust of Government, Wills produces another characteristically compelling analysis. Close to he examines the contrast between beliefs and action and relates that differentiate to the American public's suspicions understand regard to its own government. Boss Publishers Weekly reviewer proclaimed A Warrantable Evil "a master extended essay," measurement Booklist reviewer Mary Carroll recommended honourableness work as "a timely analysis" celebrated summarized it as "provocative and enlightening."

Wills has also written about religion famous religious figures in various works. Noteworthy among these volumes is Under God: Religion and American Politics, which analyzes subjects ranging from the Scopes tryout, in which Biblical and Darwinian ideologies clashed, to the candidacy of Sublime Jesse Jackson. Writing in the New York Times Book Review, Hugh Clodhopper found the book "somewhat eccentric on the other hand undeniably worth reading." In Witches pointer Jesuits: Shakespeare's "Macbeth," Wills speculates desert the tragedy, with its supernatural sprinkling and its ties to the Tense plot, in which Catholics contrived squeeze bomb England's Parliament in 1605, "may have had greater appeal for warmth original audiences than is readily come out today," Stanley Wells wrote in interpretation New York Times Book Review. Well added that Witches and Jesuits "is accessibly written and ranges widely limit treatment of the play." Saint Augustine, another book on religion, relates glory life of the Catholic bishop who lived from 354 to 430. New Republic reviewer Jaroslav Pelikan lauded Saint Augustine as a work that "deserves to be taken seriously," and unadorned Publishers Weekly critic described the memoir as "captivating and accessible." In Library Journal, David Bourquin hailed Saint Augustine as a "marvelous contribution to Calamity. Augustine studies," and in the New York Times Book Review, John Businesslike. Noonan, Jr. called the biography "brilliant" and acknowledged Wills for his "agile mind."

Wills has supplied contributions to several periodicals, including Esquire and the New York Times magazine. Nearly forty tension these pieces are collected in Lead Time: A Journalist's Education, which includes essays on political figures such significance presidents Jimmy Carter and Gerald Walk through drudge. Robert Sherrill, writing in the New York Times Book Review, called Wills "a fascinating writer" and affirmed meander he "elevates his profession even in the way that he strikes out."

Wills studies contemporary extort earlier American presidents in a back copy of books, including another about President titled Negro President: Jefferson and distinction Slave Power, in which he studies Jefferson's "role as a defender esoteric extender of the slave system." President was dubbed the "Negro President" preschooler Timothy Pickering, a Massachusetts Federalist, household on the fact that at slightest twelve of Jefferson's electoral votes garnered in the 1800 election were well-organized result of the slave population clean and tidy the Southern states. Wills notes roam three-fifths of their numbers were and to the number of free rank and file, along with the number of representatives and senators, in order to decide upon the number of electoral votes. Farm the tie-breaking vote by Aaron Language, Jefferson defeated John Adams who, at an advantage with John Quincy Adams, were honourableness only two preabolition presidents to object to slavery. In the case of Toilet Adams, it cost him the volition won by Jefferson.

Under the Articles break into Confederation, each state had one suffrage, but the Constitution provided for say publicly fractional counting of slaves, which worked the location of the federal head and the pursuit of other slave-holding regions. Jefferson was a proponent summarize Southern agrarianism over commerce with birth North. Gene A. Smith commented thwart History: "In Wills's telling, Aaron Language and Pickering emerge as heroes demanding to end the hold of representation slave power. Yet both ultimately perceive branded conspirators: Burr because of reward western schemes and Pickering because crystalclear advocated for New England secession."

Earl Mixture. Maltz noted in the National Review: "Throughout, Wills emphasizes what he sees as the overwhelming influence of illustriousness slave power and downplays the weight of congressional actions that limited slavery." Maltz, who felt that the features "is almost as much about Pickering as it is about Jefferson," too found Wills's information about Pickering touch upon be lacking. Maltz cited the deed that Pickering voted against the Hillhouse amendment in 1804. Proposed by Selectman James Hillhouse of Connecticut as Legislature was contemplating the Louisiana Purchase, place would have mandated that slavery put in writing forbidden in all states that esoteric been acquired from France. Maltz as well questioned Wills's portrayal of the help and impact of the three-fifths vote.

In Henry Adams and the Making decompose America, Wills emphasizes the importance objection the monumental history written by Physicist Adams that documented the administrations beat somebody to it Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Elementary published in nine volumes, it progression now available in a Library mock America two-volume edition. Adams had early published a revisionist history of Toilet Smith and Pocahontas, relying on archival materials and private papers. He unreceptive the same technique in writing potentate sweeping American history, which Wills feels has not received the attention mushroom reading it deserves. For example, Wills responded to Richard Hofstadter, a reviewer of Adams's caricature of the originally period, by noting, as Richard Lingeman stated in the New York Former Book Review: "Hofstadter's view, Wills counters, is largely derived from his false impression of the first six chapters use your indicators the 'History,' in which Adams produces a sociological portrait of American glee club and culture in 1800…. These chapters indeed portray America as an boorish backwater. But Wills argues that President intended the opening chapters as precise prelude to his historical narrative, unthinkable that they foreshadow the optimistic summing up in the final four chapters of the work." Lingeman complimented Wills on this rereading of Adams's prepare, particularly for his "lucid style, inspired analysis and… talent for historical elucidation."

Over the years, Wills has become spruce Saint Augustine scholar, translator, and archivist. Among his other volumes with abstract themes is The Rosary: A Pleading Comes Round, a small book focus studies this form of meditation, sheltered history, and its importance to current spirituality. He begins with an unveiling and names notable Catholics who imitate commented on their own use waning the rosary. Wills provides an reminder of how the rosary is put into words in "Elements of the Rosary," presentday includes the four prayers of which it consists. Patrick T. Reardon wrote in the U.S. Catholic: "Wills, intend a retreat master, walks the order through meditations on each of integrity twenty mysteries of the rosary." These are the Luminous, Joyful, Sorrowful, captain Glorious. Included are quotations from bible and reproductions of seventeen Tintoretto paintings that represent the gospel. Reardon, who felt that Wills's interpretations of birth paintings are the most valuable piece of the book, wrote that Wills "lets his words soar with lyrical wonder." Writing in First Things, Francis Martin felt that Wills's handling help the Joyful Mysteries is the lid valuable component of the book. "The information is helpful and the detach of historical studies judicious," wrote Histrion. "The section on the Sorrowful Mysteries is solid, and the best treatments are those dealing with the Missery in the Garden and the Crucifixion."

Wills interprets the lives and teachings slant Jesus and his disciple Paul vibrate What Paul Meant and What Nobleman Meant. In the latter, he dismisses the concept of Jesus as insubstantial by both the Christian right weather the Christian left. Although Wills wrote for the conservative National Review yearn years during what Newsweek contributor Painter Gates described as the publication's "more intellectually respectable days," in this manual, Wills describes Jesus as a "radical egalitarian," profeminist, and revolutionary who laidoff "just about every form of dogma we know." Wills contends that Count would defend gays in opposition comprise the conservative position, and he argues with the liberal view that Aristocrat performed his good works for exclusively humanitarian reasons. "This devout contrarianism silt no less than you'd expect suffer the loss of Wills," wrote Gates. "He's a rational, many-minded man: a historian, a essayist and a social and political spectator, as well as a Christian apologist."

Wills's Jesus is a Jesus of confidence, but he dismisses the idea win accepting the gospels without question. Tempt Jon Meacham wrote in the New York Times Book Review: "Jesus was neither a politician nor a hallowed, and this book's most significant part may lie in its reminder meander faith is far too important run on be considered solely, or even in the main, in political or ecclesiastical terms." Meacham felt that What Jesus Meant "is like a rich conversation with a- learned friend and is, Wills writes, a devotional exercise, not a deep one. His is a kind work out devotion, though, that engages heart soar mind, to the ultimate benefit gradient both."

BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:

periodicals

Booklist, August, 1999, Mary Carroll, review of A Needed Evil: A History of American Doubt of Government, p. 1984.

Commonweal, October 27, 1978, Robert V. Remini, review past it Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence, p. 691.

Film Quarterly, summer, 1998, Colony Wright Wexman, review of John Wayne's America: The Politics of Celebrity, owner. 24.

First Things, April, 2006, Francis Actress, review of The Rosary: A Plea Comes Roundxg, p. 62.

History, spring, 2004, Gene A. Smith, review of Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power, p. 98.

Library Journal, May 1, 1999, David Bourquin, review of St. Augustine, p. 85.

National Review, July 18, 1970, Frank S. Meyer, review of Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Entrepreneurial Man; December 22, 2003, Earl Mixture. Maltz, review of Negro President, holder. 45.

New Republic, August 26, 1978, Book Shklar, review of Inventing America, owner. 32; July 19, 1999, Jaroslav Pelikan, review of Saint Augustine, p. 41.

Newsweek, October 19, 1970, review of Nixon Agonistes, p. 115; March 20, 2006, David Gates, review of What Peer Meant, p. 72.

New York, October 19, 1970, review of Nixon Agonistes.

New Royalty Review of Books, August 17, 1978, review of Inventing America, p. 78.

New York Times, October 15, 1970, Bathroom Leonard, review of Nixon Agonistes.

New Royalty Times Book Review, March 1, 1981, Marvin Meyers, review of Explaining America: The Federalist, p. 11; March 14, 1982, Joe McGinniss, review of The Kennedy Imprisonment: A Meditation on Power, p. 22; July 3, 1983, Parliamentarian Sherrill, review of Lead Time: Graceful Journalist's Education, p. 2; August 5, 1984, Patrick Anderson, review of Cincinnatus: George Washington and the Enlightenment, holder. 9; January 11, 1987, C. Vann Woodward, review of Reagan's America: Innocents at Home, p. 1; October 28, 1990, Hugh Brogan, review of Under God: Religion and American Politics, owner. 1; June 7, 1992, William McFeely, review of Lincoln at Gettysburg, possessor. 1; December 6, 1992, review funding Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words Cruise Remade America, p. 89; November 20, 1994, Stanley Wells, review of Witches and Jesuits: Shakespeare's Macbeth," p. 50; March 23, 1997, Molly Haskell, discussion of John Wayne's America, p. 3; July 25, 1999, John T. Noonan, Jr., review of St. Augustine, holder. 9; September 11, 2005, Richard Lingeman, review of Henry Adams and birth Making of America, p. 17; Hike 12, 2006, Jon Meacham, review walk up to What Jesus Meant, p. 28.

Publishers Weekly, May 15, 1999, review of St. Augustine, p. 70; August 2, 1999, review of A Necessary Evil, proprietor. 59.

Saturday Review, August, 1978, Arthur Historian, Jr., review of Inventing America, pp. 42-43.

Time, July 31, 1978, review clone Inventing America, p. 78.

U.S. Catholic, Apr, 2006, Patrick T. Reardon, review regard The Rosary, p. 40.

Washington Post, Oct 22, 1970, George Reedy, review pay Nixon Agonistes.