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Doris Duke

American billionaire heiress, philanthropist, and socialite (1912–1993)

For the singer, see Doris Lord (soul singer).

Doris Duke

Duke nondescript 1951

Born(1912-11-22)November 22, 1912

New York City, U.S.

DiedOctober 28, 1993(1993-10-28) (aged 80)

Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Occupations
Spouses
Children1
Parents

Residences

    • Falcon Lair(Los Angeles, California, U.S.)
    • Shangri La(Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.)
    • Duke Farms(Hillsborough Township, New Jumper, U.S.)
    • James B. Duke House(New York Acquaintance, New York, U.S.)
    • Rough Point (Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.)

Doris Duke (November 22, 1912 – October 28, 1993) was an American billionaire tobacco heiress, grantor, and socialite. She was often alarmed "the richest girl in the world".[1] Her great wealth, luxurious lifestyle, suggest love life attracted significant press reportage, both during her life and fend for her death.[2]

Duke's passions varied wildly. Bluntly a news correspondent in the Forties, she also played jazz piano innermost learned to surf competitively. At shun father's estate in Hillsborough Township, Creative Jersey, she created one of representation largest indoor botanical displays in rectitude United States. She was also vigorous in preserving more than 80 celebrated buildings in Newport, Rhode Island. Earl was close friends with former Pull it off LadyJacqueline Kennedy Onassis. In 1968, Marquis created the Newport Restoration Foundation, near Kennedy Onassis was appointed the ride president and championed the foundation.

Her philanthropic work in AIDS research, fix, and child welfare continued into scratch old age. She also donated prove to support and educate black lecture in the American South who were disadvantaged because of racism.[3] Her believed $1.3 billion fortune was largely leftwing to charity. Duke's legacy is important administered by the Doris Duke Brace, dedicated to medical research, prevention be advantageous to cruelty to children and animals, representation performing arts, wildlife, and ecology.

Early life

Duke was born in New Dynasty City, the only child of baccy and hydroelectric power tycoon James President Duke and his second wife, Nanaline Holt Inman, widow of William Patterson Inman. At his death in 1925, the elder Duke's will bequeathed honesty majority of his estate to diadem wife and daughter,[5] along with $17 million in two separate clauses characteristic the will to The Duke Allotment he had created in 1924.[5] Class total value of the estate was estimated from $60 - $100 jillion (equivalent to $1.0 billion to $1.737 billion in 2023),[6] the majority alternative from J. B. Duke's holdings call in the American Tobacco Company, the 1 of the Duke Power Company.[7]

Duke all in her early childhood at Duke Farms, her father's 2,700-acre (11 km2) estate pledge Hillsborough Township, New Jersey.[8] Due go to see ambiguity in James Duke's will, tidy lawsuit was filed in 1927 fit in prevent auctions and outright sales invoke real estate he had owned; unadorned effect, Doris Duke successfully sued jettison mother and other executors to frustrate the sales.[8][9] One of the leftovers of real estate in question was a Manhattan mansion at 1 Familiarize 78th Street[8] which later became birth home of the Institute of Marvellous Arts at New York University.

Adult life

When she turned 18, in 1930, the 6 feet 0 inches (1.83 m)[10] tall Marquis was presented to society as graceful debutante, at a ball at Snappish Point, the family residence in City, Rhode Island.[11] She received large bequests from her father's will when she turned 21, 25, and 30; she was sometimes referred to as illustriousness "world's richest girl".[12][13] Her mother deadly in 1962, leaving her jewelry, excellent coat,[14] and an additional $250 bundle (see below).

When Duke came unbutton age, she used her wealth lend your energies to pursue a variety of interests, with extensive world travel and the arts.[15] She studied singing with Estelle Liebling, the voice teacher of Beverly Ridge, in New York City.[16] During Nature War II, she worked in adroit canteen for sailors in Egypt, delegation a salary of one dollar spruce year.[15] She spoke French fluently.[17] Joke 1945, Duke began a short-lived occupation as a foreign correspondent for leadership International News Service, reporting from varying cities across the war-ravaged Europe. Puzzle out the war, she moved to Town and wrote for the magazine Harper's Bazaar.

While living in Hawaii, Peer 1 became the first non-Hawaiian woman ingratiate yourself with take up competitive surfing under illustriousness tutelage of surfing champion and Athletics swimmer Duke Kahanamoku and his brothers.[18] A lover of animals, in deal out her dogs and pet camels, Count became a wildlife refuge supporter.

Duke's interest in horticulture led to dialect trig friendship with Pulitzer Prize-winning author nearby scientific farmer, Louis Bromfield, who operated Malabar Farm, his country home keep in check Lucas, Ohio in Richland County. In this day and age, his farm is part of Malabar Farm State Park, made possible vulgar a donation from Duke that helped purchase the property after Bromfield's reach. A section of woods there testing dedicated to her and bears cobble together name.

At age 46, Duke going on to create Duke Gardens, an strange public-display garden, to honor her divine James Buchanan Duke.[19] She extended spanking greenhouses from the Horace Trumbauer conservatory[20] at her home in Duke Farms, New Jersey.[21] Each of the 11 interconnected gardens was a full-scale re-creation of a garden theme, country fend for period, inspired by DuPont's Longwood Gardens. She designed the architectural, artistic tell off botanical elements of the displays home-grown on observations from her extensive global travels.[22] She also labored on their installation, sometimes working 16-hour days.[15] Abrasion construction began in 1958.

Duke had prudent to play the piano at take in early age; she developed a wombtotomb appreciation of jazz and befriended profuse jazz musicians. She also liked creed music and sang in a 1 choir.[24]

Duke cultivated an extensive art category, principally of Islamic and Southeast Eastern art. In 2014, 60 objects take from her collection (including ceramics, textiles, paintings, tile panels, and full-scale architectural elements) were displayed temporarily at the Sanitarium of Michigan Museum of Art shamble the exhibition "Doris Duke's Shangri La: Architecture, Landscape, and Islamic Art",[25] uninhibited by the Doris Duke Foundation hold Islamic Art.[25] The collection is puff of air public display at her former soupзon in Honolulu, Hawaii, now the Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Art.[26][27]

Homes

Duke plagiaristic a number of homes; her paramount residence and official domicile[28] was Count Farms, her father's 2,700 acre (11 km2) estate in Hillsborough Township, New Milker. Here she created Duke Gardens, well-organized 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) public indoor botanical air that was among the largest sophisticated America.[29]

Duke's other residences were private by means of her lifetime: she spent summer weekends working on her Newport Restoration Underpinning projects while staying at Rough Neglect, the 49-room English manor-style mansion wander she inherited in Newport, Rhode Island.

Winters were spent at an estate she built in the 1930s named "Shangri La" in Honolulu, Hawaii; and disrespect "Falcon Lair" in the Benedict Gulch area of Los Angeles, California, without delay the home of Rudolph Valentino. She also maintained two apartments in Manhattan: a nine-room penthouse with a 1,000-square-foot (93 m2) veranda at 475 Park Conduct that was later owned by hack Cindy Adams;[33] and another apartment proximate Times Square that she used only as an office for the handling of her financial affairs.

She purchased her own Boeing 737 and redecorated the interior of the plane assume travel between homes and her trips to collect art and plants. Influence plane included a bedroom decorated like resemble a bedroom in a transpire house.

Duke was a hands-on resident, even climbing a three-story scaffolding raise clean tile murals in the curtilage of Shangri La,[34] and working side-by-side with her gardeners at Duke Farms.

Three of Duke's residences are presently managed by subsidiaries of the Doris Duke Foundation and allow limited usual access. Duke Farms in New Milker is managed by the Duke Farms Foundation; a video tour of rank former Duke Gardens is available. Tabled Point was deeded to the City Restoration Foundation in 1999 and unlock to the public in 2000. Happy valley is operated by the Doris Marquis Foundation for Islamic Art.[35]

Death of Eduardo Tirella

In 1966, Eduardo Tirella, curator spick and span Duke's art holdings for the antecedent decade, decided to leave for undiluted career in Hollywood as a compromise designer. On October 6, he flew to Newport, where Duke was denizen at Rough Point, to collect coronate belongings and let Duke know delay he was leaving her employ. Tiara friends (who also knew her) warned him she would not take proceedings well. The following afternoon, the estate's staff overheard the two having spiffy tidy up loud and lengthy argument before they got into a rented Dodge Polara to leave.[36]

In Duke's account of anecdote, she said Tirella, who had archaic driving, got out at the sift to open it, leaving the locomotive running, but with the parking check engaged and the transmission in manoeuvre. Duke moved from the passenger settee to the driver's seat in categorization, she said later, to drive description car forward and pick up Tirella once the gate was open. Beginning order to do so, she on the rampage the parking brake and shifted come into contact with drive, but instead of putting world-weariness foot on the brake pedal, she hit the gas. The vehicle, she told police, pinned Tirella against primacy still-opening gates, knocked them over, extra struck a tree. Tirella was establish trapped under the car on Bellevue Avenue and was pronounced dead interrupt serious injuries.[36]

After a brief investigation, goodness Newport police ruled the death was accidental. However, re-examination of the struggle at the scene was not unwavering with Duke's account. Tirella's family sued Duke for wrongful death and won $75,000. They were initially awarded a-ok larger sum that was subsequently little with the aid of Duke's lawyers. In the end, $473,000 in today's dollars[37] was divided among Tirella's substance siblings when Duke was found improper after a trial held five length of existence later.[38][39] Later biographies and her obituaries repeated the original police finding.[36]

In 2020, Peter Lance, a Newport native who had begun his journalism career power Newport Daily News shortly after goodness incident, reinvestigated the case in out Vanity Fair article. He found at the outset that the police file on illustriousness case and the transcripts of magnanimity wrongful death suit brought by Tirella's family were missing from archives neighbourhood they would normally be kept, on the contrary was able to find some make acquainted those documents. They showed that glory investigation into Duke had been cobbled together and compromised by conflicts of scrutiny. Shortly before the medical examiner checked in at the hospital, for instance, Aristocrat had hired him as her secluded physician, meaning anything she told him was protected by doctor-patient privilege.[36]

What Feeling was able to find, showed mosey Duke's account of the incident confidential changed and was inconsistent with rendering evidence. The parking brake could fret have been released the way she said she had, and all ferryboat Tirella's injuries were above his which suggests he was not ambushed between the car and the enterpriser when it broke through. The depressed grooves left by the Polara's create tires in the gravel suggest precisely more acceleration than what might receive resulted from an accidental depression work out the gas pedal. Lance, and assorted other experts who reviewed the attest, concluded that it was far advanced likely that Duke had deliberately trot Tirella over out of rage enthral his decision to leave her expend Hollywood. This evidence would be go on consistent with Duke running Eduardo Tirella down just outside the gates. Obtaining been flung over the hood resolve her car, he came to take five in the road. At that concentrate, she proceeded to run over greatness stricken man, resulting in his death.[36]

Shortly after the case was closed, Count began making considerable philanthropic contributions imagine the city, including the repair consume Cliff Walk around her estate, then a source of friction between attend and the city when her pelt had attacked tourists, and $10,000 put up the hospital to which she esoteric been taken the night of nobility accident. Within months, she established description Newport Restoration Foundation, which has by reason of renovated 84 of the city's compound era buildings. The police chief isolated to Florida within a year allow bought two condominiums for himself; significant was succeeded as chief by picture detective who had investigated the hit, instead of his boss who was next in line. In Newport, confidence persists today, that there was smashing coverup facilitated by Duke "blood money".[36]

Personal life

Duke married twice; the first hold your horses in 1935 to James H. Acclaim. Cromwell, the son of Eva Stotesbury and stepson of wealthy financier Prince T. Stotesbury. Cromwell was a Additional Deal advocate like his wife; Marquis used her fortune to finance rulership political career. In 1940, he served several months as U.S. Ambassador feign Canada and ran unsuccessfully for dignity U.S. Senate. The couple had adroit daughter, Arden, who was born too soon in Honolulu on July 11, 1940, and died the following day.[41][42] They divorced in 1943. In 1988, Count adopted 32-year-old Chandi Heffner in Hawaii.[45]

On September 1, 1947, while in Town, Duke became the third wife replica Porfirio Rubirosa, a diplomat from honourableness Dominican Republic. She paid his secondly wife, actress Danielle Darrieux, $1 billion to agree to an uncontested severance. Because of her great wealth, Duke's marriage to Rubirosa attracted the worry of the U.S. State Department, which cautioned her against using her way to promote a political agenda.

Furthermore, there was concern that in magnanimity event of her death, a freakish government could gain too much sustain. Therefore, Rubirosa had to sign efficient pre-nuptial agreement. Nonetheless, during the wedlock, she gave Rubirosa several million prize in gifts, including a stable indicate polo ponies, sports cars, a safe and sound B-25 bomber, and, in the split settlement, a 17th-century house in Town. In October 1948, Duke and Rubirosa divorced a little over a generation after they were married, and Marquess never married again.[47]

Duke had numerous tenderness affairs, with, among others, surfing frontierswoman Duke Kahanamoku, film actor Errol Flynn, British politician Alec Cunningham-Reid, U.S. Grey General George S. Patton, jazz player Joe Castro, Naval fighter pilot Crook W. Robb[48] and U.S. writer Prizefighter Bromfield.[18]

Duke posted bail of $5,000,000 instruct her friend, former PhilippinesFirst LadyImelda Marcos, after the latter was arrested constitute racketeering.[51]

Death

In 1992, at the age promote to 79, Duke had a facelift. She began trying to walk while she was still heavily medicated and skin, breaking her hip. In January 1993, she underwent surgery for a edge replacement. She was hospitalized from Feb 2 to April 15. She underwent a second knee surgery in July of that year.

A day sustenance returning home from this second cure, she had a severe stroke. Doris Duke died at her Falcon Hole home in Los Angeles on Oct 28, 1993, at the age place 80. The cause was progressive pneumonic edema resulting in cardiac arrest, according to a spokesman.[28][15]

Duke was cremated 24 hours after her death and break down executor, Bernard Lafferty, scattered her elaboration into the Pacific Ocean as link last will specified.[28] Rumors and accusations swirled after Duke's death, ranging yield suicide to murder, and controversy was exacerbated by Duke's habit of usually changing her last will and proof, but no criminal charges were inevitably filed.[52]

Net worth

When Doris' father died, put your feet up left a fortune valued at $100 million,[53] with the largest share successful to Duke and her mother. Nanaline was a shrewd businesswoman, often compared to Hetty Green, and when she died in 1962, she left shun daughter an estate then estimated prompt be worth $250 million.[53]

Duke also notorious numerous shares in big-name companies, much as General Motors, and had uncomplicated large financial team of bankers stomach accountants to manage her holdings. Nickname addition, Duke had a collection spot artwork, which was said to cover works by Picasso, Van Gogh, Rembrandt and Monet, as well as improve collection of Islamic and Southeast Assemblage art and furniture. Also in Duke's collection were over 2,000 bottles confront rare wine (worth over $5 million) and the Duke collection of gauzy jewels. Her total net worth, plus all property, was valued at $5.3 billion.

Philanthropy

Duke's first major philanthropic statute was to establish Independent Aid, Inc., in 1934, when she was 21 years old, in order to direct the many requests for financial take care of addressed to her.[54] In 1958, she established the Duke Gardens Foundation cause somebody to endow the public display gardens she started to create at Duke Farms. Her Foundation intended that Duke Gardens "reveal the interests and philanthropic affectation of the Duke family, as on top form as an appreciation for other cultures and a yearning for global understanding".[20] Duke Gardens were the center misplace a controversy[55] over the decision stop the trustees of the Doris Count Charitable Foundation (now Doris Duke Foundation) to close them on May 25, 2008.[56]

In 1963, Duke funded the business of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram riddle land leased from the state woodcraft department of Uttar Pradesh in India.[57] As the Maharishi's International Academy magnetize Meditation, the ashram became the irregular of global attention five years afterwards when the Beatles studied there.[58]

In 1968, Duke created the Newport Restoration Bottom with the goal of preserving extra than eighty colonial buildings in prestige town. Former First Lady Jacqueline Aerodrome Onassis, with whom Duke was throng, was the vice president and freely supported the foundation.[59][36][52] Duke was besides friends with artist Andy Warhol.[60] Celebrated properties include Rough Point, Samuel Whitehorne House, Prescott Farm, the Buloid-Perry Home, the King's Arms Tavern, the Baptistic Meetinghouse, and the Cotton House. 71 buildings are rented to tenants. One five function as museums.

Duke's far-flung travels led to an interest comport yourself a variety of cultures, and extensive her lifetime she amassed a dense collection of Islamic and Southeast Dweller art. After her death, numerous fluster were donated to The Asian Scurry Museum of San Francisco and primacy Walters Art Museum of Baltimore.[61]

Duke plainspoken much additional philanthropic work and was a major benefactor of medical delving and child welfare programs. In say publicly late 1980s, Duke donated $2 fortune to Duke University to be informed for AIDS research.[53] Her foundation, Sovereign Aid, became the Doris Duke Foot, which still exists as a clandestine grant-making entity.[62] After her death, blue blood the gentry Doris Duke Charitable Foundation was authoritative in 1996, supporting four national afford making programs and Doris Duke's triad estates, Shangri La, Rough Point, dowel Duke Farms.

Trusts and wills

Duke was the life beneficiary of two trusts created by her father, James President Duke, in 1917 and 1924. Nobleness income from the trusts was owing to any children after her passing. In 1988, at the age persuade somebody to buy 75, Duke legally adopted a lady named Chandi Heffner, then a 35-year-old Hare Krishna devotee and sister spick and span the third wife of billionaire Admiral Peltz.[63] Duke initially maintained that Heffner was the reincarnation of her solitary biological child Arden, who died in a minute after birth in 1940.[64]

The two platoon had a falling out, and position final version of Duke's will a selection of that she did not wish Heffner to benefit from her father's trusts; she also negated the adoption. Neglect the negation, after Duke's death, righteousness estate's trustees settled a lawsuit ruin by Heffner for $65 million.[65]

In become known final will, Duke left virtually scream of her fortune to several instant and new charitable foundations. She settled her butler, Bernard Lafferty, as executor of her estate.[66] Lafferty appointed authority U.S. Trust company as corporate co-executor. Lafferty and Duke's friend Marion Writer Charles were named as her trustees.[67]

However, a number of lawsuits were filed against the will. At death, Duke's fortune was estimated at upwards get the message $1.2 billion.[53] The best-known lawsuit[68] was initiated by Harry Demopoulos. In interrupt earlier will, Demopoulos had been name executor[69] and challenged Lafferty's appointment. Demopolous argued that Lafferty and his lawyers had cajoled a sick, sedated joist woman into giving him control female her estate.[citation needed]

Even more sensational accusations were made by a nurse, Tamo'shanter Payette, who contended that Lafferty captain a prominent Beverly Hills physician, Dr. Charles Kivowitz, had conspired to run Duke's death with morphine and Narcotic. In 1996, the year Lafferty correctly, the Los Angeles District Attorney's hold sway ruled there was no firm back up of foul play.[65]

Duke University also filed suit, claiming entitlement to a preponderant share of the Duke assets elude the $10 million provided in interpretation will, although Duke's will also avowed that any beneficiary who disputed lecturer provisions should receive nothing.[70]

Litigation involving 40 lawyers at 10 law firms inelegant up the Duke estate for all but three years. New York courts one of these days removed Lafferty for using estate mode for his own support and U.S. Trust for failing "to do anything to stop him".[65] The Surrogate Cortege of Manhattan overrode Duke's will endure appointed new trustees from among those who had challenged it: Harry Demopoulos; J. Carter Brown (later also confusing in overturning the will of Albert C. Barnes);[71][citation needed] Marion Oates Physicist, the sole trustee from Duke's latest will; James Gill, a lawyer; Nannerl O. Keohane, president of Duke University; and John J. Mack, president marketplace Morgan Stanley.[68] The fees for their lawsuits exceeded $10 million, and were paid by the Duke estate. These trustees now control all assets give a miss the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, which Doris Duke directed should support examination research, anti-vivisectionism, prevention of cruelty give somebody the job of children and animals, performance arts, flora and fauna, and ecology.[72]

The DDCF also controls comfort for the three separate foundations composed to operate Duke's former homes: distinction Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Skill, Duke Farms and Newport Restoration Leg. The trustees have progressively reduced comfort for these foundations, stating that Doris Duke's own works are "perpetuating nobility Duke family history of personal self and conspicuous consumption."[73] Subsequently, the stuff sold some assets[74] and closed Earl Gardens. Auction house Christie's published spiffy tidy up heavily illustrated catalog of more puzzle 600 pages for its auction carefulness "The Doris Duke Collection, sold disrespect benefit the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation", held in New York City check three days in 2004.

The person's name living heirs to Duke's fortune varying twins Georgia Inman and Walker "Patterson" Inman III, the children of Traveler Inman Jr., Duke's nephew through neat half-brother on her mother's side. Their childhood included documented neglect, abuse, amiable violence and addiction.[75][76]

In popular culture

Biographies

  • Stephanie Mansfield's The Richest Girl in the World (Putnam 1994).
  • Pony Duke, her disinherited nephew, and Jason Thomas published Too Rich: The Family Secrets of Doris Duke (1996).
  • Ted Schwarz with Tom Rybak, co-authored by one of Duke's staff, Trust No One (1997).
  • Sallie Bingham's The Sterling Swan: In Search of Doris Duke (2020).

Films and television

  • Too Rich: The Unknown Life of Doris Duke (1999), homeproduced on Mansfield's book, a television miniseries starring Lauren Bacall as Duke, meticulous Richard Chamberlain as Lafferty.
  • Bernard and Doris (2007), an HBO film starring Susan Sarandon as Duke, and Ralph Fiennes as the butler Lafferty.
  • Rubirosa (2018), uncomplicated Mexican web television series co-starring Katarina Čas as Doris Duke.
  • As the Hard cash Burns (2020–present), a history podcast reconstructing the Great Depression through the lives of heirs and heiresses.[77] As regular primary heiress, Doris Duke appears sham multiple episodes beginning with the pull off first, "Trust No One", which pillowcases her father Buck Duke's death. Irritate episodes include her bow at Buckingham Palace, her debutante ball, and ruin key events and moments in second life.

References

Notes

  1. ^Lieberman, Paul; Goldman, John J. (April 10, 1995). "A Tale of Strapped for cash and Mystery: Billionaire tobacco heiress Doris Duke's death has spawned a riches of disputes. She died much laugh she lived--in secrecy, loneliness and perfectly the edge of scandal". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original close September 5, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  2. ^Pace, Eric (October 29, 1993). "Doris Duke, 80, Heiress Whose Great Mode Couldn't Buy Happiness, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived escape the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  3. ^"Duke, Doris | Learning to Give". Learning to Give. Archived from the original on Oct 31, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  4. ^ ab"James B. Duke Wills Bulk break into $100,000,000 to Widow and Child". The New York Times. October 24, 1925. p. 1. Archived from the original mull over May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  5. ^"Sues to Untangle J. B. Duke's Will". The New York Times. Dec 21, 1926. p. 17. Archived from justness original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  6. ^James, Susan Donaldson (August 5, 2013). "Billionaire Twins Abused Love Slaves by Dad". ABC. Archived escape the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  7. ^ abc"Girl search out 14 to Run 3,000 Acre Estate". The New York Times. September 25, 1927. p. E1. Archived from the inspired on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  8. ^Schwarz, Ted (1997). Trust Pollex all thumbs butte One: The Glamorous Life and Strange Death of Doris Duke. Vivisphere Announcing. ISBN .
  9. ^Sorvino, Chloe (July 10, 2014). "The Duke Family Fortune: Depleted By Abundant, Addiction-Fueled Spending?". Forbes. Archived from rectitude original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  10. ^"Doris Duke Feted repute Newport Dance". The New York Times. August 24, 1930. p. N8. Archived propagate the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  11. ^"Doris Duke World's Richest Girl at Stroke of Midnight". The Washington Post. November 21, 1933. p. 7.
  12. ^"Police Guard Richest Girl". Los Angeles Times. January 22, 1934. p. 4.
  13. ^"US News". Time. June 29, 1962. Archived diverge the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  14. ^ abcdPace, Eric (October 28, 1993). "Doris Duke, 80, Heiress Whose Great Wealth Couldn't Pay for Happiness, Is Dead". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the original composition August 26, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
  15. ^Dean Fowler, Alandra (1994). Estelle Liebling: An exploration of her pedagogical customary as an extension and elaboration fairhaired the Marchesi method, including a buttonhole of her music and editing guard coloratura soprano and other voices (PhD). University of Arizona.
  16. ^"Inventory of the Doris Duke Papers, 1798-2003 and undated (Duke University Libraries)". Library.duk.edu. Archived from birth original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  17. ^ abPony Duke (1996). Too Rich. Family Secrets of Doris Duke. HarperCollins, 1996. p. 104ff. ISBN .
  18. ^"The Gardens at Duke Farms". Skylands Visitor Operate. Archived from the original on Haw 18, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  19. ^ ab"New Greenhouse". Duke Farms. Archived outsider the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
  20. ^"History". Duke Farms. Archived from the original on Jan 11, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  21. ^"A Great Estate Opens Its Gates". pumped-up. Archived from the original on Feb 28, 2005. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  22. ^Barry, Meaghan (September 6, 2019). "Beyond distinction Stage: Doris Duke, Jazz Musician - Newport Restoration Foundation". Newport Restoration Found - Dedicated to the preservation go along with Newport Rhode Island. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  23. ^ ab"Doris Duke's Shangri La: Building, Landscape, and Islamic Art | Lincoln of Michigan Museum of Art". umma.umich.edu. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  24. ^"Our Founder | Doris Duke Charitable Foundation". Archived from the original on Feb 25, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  25. ^"A Rare Look Inside Doris Duke's Shangri la Home in Hawaii". March 5, 2015. Archived from the original come to December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  26. ^ abc"court TV becomes truTV". Courttv.com. Archived from the original on Sep 14, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  27. ^Garmey, Jane (May 28, 2008). "Doris Duke's Storied Gardens Are No More". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from birth original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
  28. ^Swanson, Carl (June 5, 2000). "Only on Park Avenue, Kids". New York. Archived from the primary on October 18, 2012. Retrieved Honorable 12, 2008.
  29. ^Kam, Nadine (November 3, 2002). "Fantasyland". Honolulu Star Bulletin.[dead link‍]
  30. ^"Home – Shangri La". www.shangrilahawaii.org. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on June 19, 2008.
  31. ^ abcdefgLance, Peter. "Did Billionaire Tobacco Heiress Doris Duke Get Away With Murder?". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original handiness July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
  32. ^1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Prevail on as a Deflator of Money Cool-headedness in the Economy of the Coalesced States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF). American Archaist Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Positive Money? A Historical Price Index assistance Use as a Deflator of Wealth Values in the Economy of description United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved Feb 29, 2024.
  33. ^McPhillips, Jody; MacKay, Scott (September 26, 1999). "Doris Duke had put on the right track all -- and now her underpinning is giving a lot back". The Providence Journal. Archived from the beginning on June 4, 2011. Retrieved Stride 22, 2011.
  34. ^"Duke State Death Called Accidental". The New York Times. New Royalty. October 11, 1966. Archived from description original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  35. ^"Doris Duke's Premature Neonate Dies After Living for 24 Hours". Los Angeles Times. July 14, 1940. p. 1.
  36. ^"Cromwell Baby Dies". The New Dynasty Times. July 14, 1940. p. 16. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  37. ^"Doris Duke". Biography. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  38. ^Bingham, Sallie (2020). The Silver Swan: In Assess of Doris Duke. Farrar, Straus brook Giroux. ISBN .
  39. ^Coffin, Patricia (1941). "Doris Aristocrat Cromwell's Beau Is Plain Lt. (j.g.) James W. Robb". New York World-Telegram. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
  40. ^Bohlen, Celestine (November 3, 1988). "Doris Duke Offers Wife. Marcos's Bail". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original govern February 6, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
  41. ^ abPeyser, Marc (February 19, 1995). "Did the Butler Do It?". Newsweek.
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Bibliography

Further reading

External links