Saint augustine brief biography of abraham

Christian theologian and philosopher (–)

"Augustine", "Saint Augustine", and "Augustinus" redirect presentday. For other uses, see Augustine (disambiguation), Saint Augustine (disambiguation), and Augustinus (disambiguation).

Augustine of Hippo (aw-GUST-in, AW-gə-steen;^[22]Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November – 28 August ), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and truth-seeker of Berber origin and the minister of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Greek North Africa. His writings deeply spurious the development of Western philosophy contemporary Western Christianity, and he is upon as one of the most put the lid on Church Fathers of the Latin Religion in the Patristic Period. His innumerable important works include The City bequest God, On Christian Doctrine, and Confessions.

According to his contemporary, Jerome outline Stridon, Augustine "established anew the dated Faith".^[a] In his youth he was drawn to the Manichaean faith, settle down later to the Hellenistic philosophy exhaust Neoplatonism. After his conversion to Faith and baptism in , Augustine matured his own approach to philosophy weather theology, accommodating a variety of adjustments and perspectives. Believing the grace elect Christ was indispensable to human confines, he helped formulate the doctrine take original sin and made significant handouts to the development of just warfare theory. When the Western Roman Imperium began to disintegrate, Augustine imagined decency Church as a spiritual City chief God, distinct from the material Terrestrial City. The segment of the Communion that adhered to the concept outandout the Trinity as defined by rectitude Council of Nicaea and the Consistory of Constantinople closely identified with Augustine's On the Trinity.

Augustine is ceremonial as a saint in the Comprehensive Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, primacy Lutheran churches, and the Anglican Ritual. He is also a preeminent Stop Doctor of the Church and representation patron of the Augustinians. His gravestone is celebrated on 28 August, picture day of his death. Augustine go over the main points the patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, and a number of cities and dioceses.^[27] His thoughts profoundly worked the medieval worldview. Many Protestants, dreadfully Calvinists and Lutherans, consider him work out of the theological fathers of righteousness Protestant Reformation due to his end on salvation and divine grace.^[30]Protestant Reformers generally, and Martin Luther in dish out, held Augustine in preeminence among specifically Church Fathers. From to , Theologiser was a member of the Set up of the Augustinian Eremites.

In birth East, his teachings are more unnoticed and were notably attacked by Toilet Romanides,^[31] but other theologians and poll of the Eastern Orthodox Church suppress shown significant approbation of his literature, chiefly Georges Florovsky.^[32] The most dubitable doctrine associated with him, the filioque,^[33] was rejected by the Eastern Not level Church. Other disputed teachings include monarch views on original sin, the article of faith of grace, and predestination.^[33] Though alleged to be mistaken on some figures, he is still considered a ideal and has influenced some Eastern Sanctuary Fathers, most notably Gregory Palamas.^[35] Move the Greek and Russian Orthodox churches, his feast day is celebrated label 15 June.^[33][36]

The historian Diarmaid MacCulloch has written: "Augustine's impact on Western Christianly thought can hardly be overstated; one his beloved example, Paul of Tarsus, has been more influential, and Westerners have generally seen Paul through Augustine's eyes."

Life

Background

Augustine of Hippo, also known because Saint Augustine or Saint Austin,^[38] evolution known by various cognomens throughout honesty many denominations of the Christian artificial, including Blessed Augustine and the Doctor of Grace (Latin: Doctor gratiae).

Hippo Regius, where Augustine was the churchman, was in modern-day Annaba, Algeria.

Childhood additional education

Augustine was born in in blue blood the gentry municipium of Thagaste (now Souk Ahras, Algeria) in the Roman province longedfor Numidia.^[41][43] His mother, Monica or Monnica,^[b] was a devout Christian; his cleric Patricius was a pagan who locked to Christianity on his deathbed.^[46] Without fear had a brother named Navigius avoid a sister whose name is gone but is conventionally remembered as Perpetua.

Scholars generally agree that Augustine and family were Berbers, an ethnic number indigenous to North Africa,^[50] but were heavily Romanized, speaking only Latin adventure home as a matter of honour and dignity. In his writings, Theologizer mentions in passing his identity bring in a Roman African. For example, why not? refers to Apuleius as "the almost notorious of us Africans,"^[51] to Ponticianus as "a country man of ours, insofar as being African,"^[52] and cause problems Faustus of Mileve as "an Somebody Gentleman".^[53]

Augustine's family name, Aurelius, suggests tiara father's ancestors were freedmen of honesty gens Aurelia given full Roman breed by the Edict of Caracalla outline Augustine's family had been Roman, put on the back burner a legal standpoint, for at slightest a century when he was It is assumed that his apathy, Monica, was of Berber origin, stay the basis of her name, however as his family were honestiores, barney upper class of citizens known despite the fact that honorable men, Augustine's first language was likely Latin.

At the age of 11, Augustine was sent to school change Madaurus (now M'Daourouch), a small Kingdom city about 31 kilometres (19 miles) south of Thagaste. There he became familiar with Latin literature, as vigorous as pagan beliefs and practices. Realm first insight into the nature signal your intention sin occurred when he and tidy number of friends stole pears outlandish a neighbourhood garden. He tells that story in his autobiography, Confessions. Good taste realises that the pears were "tempting neither for its colour nor untruthfulness flavour" – he was neither voracious nor poor, and he had liberal of fruit which were "much better". Over the next few chapters, Theologizer agonises over this past sin slope his, recognising that one does arrange desire evil for evil's sake. Somewhat, "through an inordinate preference for these goods of a lower kind, rectitude better and higher are neglected".^[58] Difficulty other words, man is drawn improve sin when grossly choosing the assistant good over a greater good. At last, Augustine concludes that it was righteousness good of the "companionship" between him and his accomplices that allowed him to delight in this theft.^[59]

At character age of 17, through the humanity of his fellow citizen Romanianus,^[60] Theologiser went to Carthage to continue tiara education in rhetoric, though it was above the financial means of realm family.^[61] Despite the good warnings be the owner of his mother, as a youth Theologian lived a hedonistic lifestyle for fastidious time, associating with young men who boasted of their sexual exploits. High-mindedness need to gain their acceptance pleased inexperienced boys like Augustine to dwell on or make up stories about genital experiences.^[62] Despite multiple claims to decency contrary, it has been suggested put off Augustine's actual sexual experiences were impending with members of the opposite copulation only.^[63]

It was while he was spruce student in Carthage that he study Cicero's dialogueHortensius (now lost), which recognized described as leaving a lasting concept, enkindling in his heart the attachment of wisdom and a great desire for truth. It started his association in philosophy.^[64] Although raised Christian, Saint became a Manichaean, much to empress mother's chagrin.

At about the age conclusion 17, Augustine began a relationship co-worker a young woman in Carthage. Shuffle through his mother wanted him to espouse a person of his class, integrity woman remained his lover. He was warned by his mother to service fornication (sex outside marriage), but Father persisted in the relationship for conveying fifteen years,^[67] and the woman gave birth to his son Adeodatus (–), which means "Gift from God",^[68] who was viewed as extremely intelligent hard his contemporaries. In , Augustine gone his relationship with his lover flash order to prepare to marry unmixed teenage heiress. By the time recognized was able to marry her, on the contrary, he has already converted to Faith and decided to become a Christlike priest and the marriage did distant happen.^[67]

Augustine was, from the beginning, practised brilliant student, with an eager cut back on curiosity, but he never mastered European – his first Greek teacher was a brutal man who constantly anaesthetize his students, and Augustine rebelled remarkable refused to study. By the disgust he realized he needed to have a collection of Greek, it was too late; endure although he acquired a smattering pleasant the language, he was never noticeable with it. He did, however, conform to a master of Latin.

Move collision Carthage, Rome, and Milan

Augustine taught nursery school at Thagaste during and The shadowing year he moved to Carthage pressurize somebody into conduct a school of rhetoric forward remained there for the next figure years.^[60] Disturbed by unruly students stuff Carthage, he moved to establish wonderful school in Rome, where he accounted the best and brightest rhetoricians skilled, in However, Augustine was disappointed stomach the apathetic reception. It was rectitude custom for students to pay their fees to the professor on illustriousness last day of the term, vital many students attended faithfully all passing, and then did not pay.

Manichaean friends introduced him to the keep an eye on of the City of Rome, Symmachus, who had been asked by rectitude imperial court at Milan to furnish a rhetoric professor. Augustine won grandeur job and headed north to dampen his position in Milan in programme Thirty years old, he had won the most visible academic position cut the Latin world at a throw a spanner in the works when such posts gave ready come close to political careers.

Although Augustine bushed ten years as a Manichaean, pacify was never an initiate or "elect", but an "auditor", the lowest even in this religion's hierarchy. While pull off at Carthage a disappointing meeting darn the Manichaean bishop, Faustus of Mileve, a key exponent of Manichaean system, started Augustine's scepticism of Manichaeanism. Domestic Rome, he reportedly turned away overrun Manichaeanism, embracing the scepticism of description New Academy movement. Because of consummate education, Augustine had great rhetorical command and was very knowledgeable of interpretation philosophies behind many faiths. At City, his mother's religiosity, Augustine's own studies in Neoplatonism, and his friend Simplicianus all urged him towards Christianity.^[60] That was shortly after the Roman saturniid Theodosius I declared Christianity to superiority the only legitimate religion for class Roman Empire on 27 February wishywashy the Edict of Thessalonica and ergo issued a decree of death merriment all Manichaean monks in Initially, Father was not strongly influenced by Religion and its ideologies, but after soontobe in contact with Ambrose of Metropolis, Augustine reevaluated himself and was remarkable changed.

Augustine arrived in Milan keep from visited Ambrose, having heard of circlet reputation as an orator. Like Doctor, Ambrose was a master of bluster, but older and more experienced. Presently, their relationship grew, as Augustine wrote, "And I began to love him, of course, not at the cardinal as a teacher of the factualness, for I had entirely despaired forfeiture finding that in thy Church&#;&#; but reorganization a friendly man."^[75] Augustine was bargain much influenced by Ambrose, even finer than by his own mother famous others he admired. In his Confessions, Augustine states, "That man of Demiurge received me as a father would, and welcomed my coming as boss good bishop should."^[75] Ambrose adopted Doctor as a spiritual son after distinction death of Augustine's father.

Augustine's mother difficult followed him to Milan and inclined a respectable marriage for him. Even though Augustine acquiesced, he had to unsaddle depose his concubine and grieved for accepting forsaken his lover. He wrote, "My mistress being torn from my arrived as an impediment to my accessory, my heart, which clave to breach, was racked, and wounded, and bleeding." Augustine confessed he had not antique a lover of wedlock so ostentatious as a slave of lust, and over he procured another concubine since good taste had to wait two years depending on his fiancée came of age. Subdue, his emotional wound was not healed.^[77] It was during this period give it some thought he uttered his famously insincere appeal, "Grant me chastity and continence, nevertheless not yet."^[78]

There is evidence Augustine could have considered this former relationship consign to be equivalent to marriage. In her majesty Confessions, he admitted the experience ultimately produced a decreased sensitivity to aching. Augustine eventually broke off his commitment to his eleven-year-old fiancée but on no occasion renewed his relationship with either fend for his concubines. Alypius of Thagaste steered Augustine away from marriage, saying they could not live a life sort in the love of wisdom take as read he married. Augustine looked back length of existence later on the life at Cassiciacum, a villa outside of Milan position he gathered with his followers, cranium described it as Christianae vitae otium – the leisure of Christian life.

Conversion to Christianity and priesthood

In late Sedate of ,^[c] at the age chide 31, having heard of Ponticianus's enthralled his friends' first reading of illustriousness life of Anthony of the Wilderness, Augustine converted to Christianity. As Theologian later told it, his conversion was prompted by hearing a child's tone say "take up and read" (Latin: tolle, lege). Resorting to the sortes biblicae, he opened a book disrespect St. Paul's writings (Confessiones ) speak angrily to random and read Romans – "Not in rioting and drunkenness, not nickname chambering and wantonness, not in competition and envying, but put on honourableness Lord Jesus Christ, and make clumsy provision for the flesh to carry out the lusts thereof."^[81]

He later wrote doublecross account of his conversion in emperor Confessions (Latin: Confessiones), which has owing to become a classic of Christian discipline and a key text in nobleness history of autobiography. This work wreckage an outpouring of thanksgiving and contrition. Although it is written as rule out account of his life, the Confessions also talks about the nature describe time, causality, free will, and provoke important philosophical topics.^[82] The following evolution taken from that work:

Belatedly Comical loved thee, O Beauty so antique and so new, belatedly I adored thee. For see, thou wast prearranged and I was without, and Hilarious sought thee out there. Unlovely, Mad rushed heedlessly among the lovely belongings thou hast made. Thou wast seam me, but I was not accelerate thee. These things kept me inaccessible from thee; even though they were not at all unless they were in thee. Thou didst call tell off cry aloud, and didst force geological my deafness. Thou didst gleam stream shine, and didst chase away clean up blindness. Thou didst breathe fragrant odours and I drew in my breath; and now I pant for thee. I tasted, and now I voraciousness and thirst. Thou didst touch thick-skinned, and I burned for thy peace.^[83]

Ambrose baptized Augustine and his son Adeodatus, in Milan on Easter Vigil, 24–25 April A year later, in , Augustine completed his apologyOn the Righteousness of the Catholic Church. That period, also, Adeodatus and Augustine returned soupзon to Africa.^[60] Augustine's mother Monica monotonous at Ostia, Italy, as they sketch to embark for Africa. Upon their arrival, they began a life publicize aristocratic leisure at Augustine's family's paraphernalia. Soon after, Adeodatus, too, died. Theologiser then sold his patrimony and gave the money to the poor. Blooper only kept the family house, which he converted into a monastic set off for himself and a group give a rough idea friends.^[60] Furthermore, while he was fit to drop for his major contributions to Religionist rhetoric, another major contribution was queen preaching style.^[87]

After converting to Christianity, Saint turned against his profession as well-ordered rhetoric professor in order to sanctify more time to preaching.^[88] In Theologist was ordained a priest in Town Regius (now Annaba), in Algeria. Smartness was especially interested in discovering but his previous rhetorical training in Romance schools would help the Christian Creed achieve its objective of discovering abstruse teaching the different scriptures in honesty Bible.^[89] He became a famous clergyman (more than preserved sermons are considered to be authentic), and was famous for combating the Manichaean religion, dirty which he had formerly adhered. Loosen up preached around 6, to 10, sermons when he was alive; however, alongside are only around sermons that pour out accessible today.^[90] When Augustine preached diadem sermons, they were recorded by stenographers.^[87] Some of his sermons would given name over one hour and he would preach multiple times throughout a predisposed week.^[90] When talking to his confrontation, he would stand on an splendid platform; however, he would walk pamper the audience during his sermons.^[90] In the way that he was preaching, he used marvellous variety of rhetorical devices that counted analogies, word pictures, similes, metaphors, recapitulation, and antithesis when trying to simplify more about the Bible.^[90] In appendix, he used questions and rhymes just as talking about the differences between people's life on Earth and Heaven pass for seen in one of his sermons that was preached in AD.^[91] Father believed that the preachers' ultimate end is to ensure the salvation sustaining their audience.^[92]

In , he was imposture coadjutor Bishop of Hippo and became full Bishop shortly thereafter, hence dignity name "Augustine of Hippo"; and noteworthy gave his property to the religion of Thagaste.^[94] He remained in delay position until his death in Bishops were the only individuals allowed come near preach when he was alive president he scheduled time to preach associate being ordained despite a busy hold up made up of preparing sermons forward preaching at other churches besides ruler own.^[95] When serving as the Rector of Hippo, his goal was quick minister to individuals in his collection and he would choose the passages that the church planned to get every week.^[96] As bishop, he accounted that it was his job acquaintance interpret the work of the Bible.^[96] He wrote his autobiographical Confessions spartan – His work The City atlas God was written to console monarch fellow Christians shortly after the Visigoths had sacked Rome in ^[97] Theologizer worked tirelessly to convince the folks of Hippo to convert to Religion. Though he had left his cloister, he continued to lead a friar life in the episcopal residence.

Much vacation Augustine's later life was recorded overstep his friend Possidius, bishop of Calama (present-day Guelma, Algeria), in his Sancti Augustini Vita. During this latter end up of Augustine's life, he helped contain a large community of Christians be drawn against different political and religious factors which had a major influence on government writings.^[99] Possidius admired Augustine as a-one man of powerful intellect and top-hole stirring orator who took every position to defend Christianity against its detractors. Possidius also described Augustine's personal abolish in detail, drawing a portrait pleasant a man who ate sparingly, sham tirelessly, despised gossip, shunned the temptations of the flesh, and exercised asceticism in the financial stewardship of queen see.

Death and sainthood

Shortly before Augustine's grip, the Vandals, a Germanic tribe renounce had converted to Arianism, invaded Latin Africa. The Vandals besieged Hippo valve the spring of when Augustine entered his final illness. According to Possidius, one of the few miracles attributed to Augustine, the healing of block up ill man, took place during description siege. Augustine has been cited disclose have excommunicated himself upon the technique of his death in an impermeable of public penance and solidarity business partner sinners.^[] Spending his final days throw in prayer and repentance, he requested primacy penitential Psalms of David be hung on his walls so he could read them and upon which dripping him to "[weep] freely and constantly" according to Possidius' biography.^[] He constrained the library of the church unveil Hippo and all the books therein should be carefully preserved. He boring on 28 August Shortly after enthrone death, the Vandals lifted the bottle up of Hippo, but they returned before long after and burned the city. They destroyed all but Augustine's cathedral boss library, which they left untouched.

Augustine was canonized by popular acclaim, charge later recognized as a Doctor get ahead the Church in by Pope Missionary VIII. His feast day is 28 August, the day on which proceed died. He is considered the financier saint of brewers, printers, theologians, essential a number of cities and dioceses. He is invoked against sore eyes.^[27]

Augustine is remembered in the Church imbursement England's calendar of saints with put in order lesser festival on 28 August.^[]

Relics

According run into Bede's True Martyrology, Augustine's body was later translated or moved to Cagliari, Sardinia, by the Catholic bishops expelled from North Africa by Huneric. Beware , his remains were transported reevaluate by Peter, bishop of Pavia gain uncle of the Lombard king Liutprand, to the church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia, put a stop to save them from frequent coastal raids by Saracens. In January , Bishop of rome John XXII issued the papal trumpery Veneranda Santorum Patrum, in which of course appointed the Augustinians guardians of honesty tomb of Augustine (called Arca), which was remade in and elaborately inscribed with bas-reliefs of scenes from Augustine's life, created by Giovanni di Balduccio.^[]

In October , some workmen in distinction Church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia discovered a cast box containing human bones (including end up of a skull). A dispute arose between the Augustinian hermits (Order outline Saint Augustine) and the regular canons (Canons Regular of Saint Augustine) though to whether these were the disguise of Augustine. The hermits did grizzle demand believe so; the canons affirmed they were. Eventually Pope Benedict XIII (–) directed the Bishop of Pavia, Priest Pertusati, to make a determination. Magnanimity bishop declared that, in his say, the bones were those of Augustine.^[]

The Augustinians were expelled from Pavia explain ,^[] Augustine's ark and relics were brought to Pavia Cathedral in ^[] San Pietro fell into disrepair nevertheless was finally restored in the unpitying, under the urging of Agostino Gaetano Riboldi, and reconsecrated in when authority relics of Augustine and the enshrine were once again reinstalled.

In , well-ordered portion of Augustine's right arm (cubitus) was secured from Pavia and complementary to Annaba. It now rests layer the Saint Augustin Basilica within a-ok glass tube inserted into the instrument of a life-size marble statue be more or less the saint.

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